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作者：雷霆之怒公益服 来源：http://www.edmi.com.cn 时间：2021-02-03 05:36
斯佩尔认为，对于关心此事的居民来说，他们能做的最重要的事就是去找当地政府和州政府，问问他们在向选民宣传下次人口普查方面做了哪些工作。现在采取措施来提高2020年的幼儿统计准确率还不算晚。 在凯西基金会的美国各州儿童幸福水平排名中，新墨西哥州位列末席，其儿童贫困率和就业不安全感却高居榜首，四年级学生的阅读能力落后，还有读了四年却不能毕业的高中生。该州在2020年人口普查中可能遗漏的儿童数量也超过其他地区。在2010年的普查中，反馈率不足75%的普查区占新墨西哥州所有普查区的52%。新墨西哥州属丹佛人口调查分局管辖。人口调查局网站显示，这个分局负责的地区包括亚利桑那州、科罗拉多州、堪萨斯州、蒙大拿州、内布拉斯加州、北达科他州、俄克拉荷马州、南达科他州、得克萨斯州、犹他州以及怀俄明州，目前有11名员工。
In New York, home to the U.S. city with the highest percentage of immigrant residents, faces challenges as well. More than half a million kids in the state—or 43%—live in census blocks at risk of being undercounted and one in five kids lived in poverty in 2016. The New York regional census office currently employs seven people, according to their website. This staff is also responsible for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
她说：“现在，很多社区都对政府的作用感到更害怕。我们担心这会影响人们填写人口普查问卷的意愿。所以说这一点非常重要。”
Beyond the fact that the Census Bureau’s budget has been underfunded for the last six years and that it has operated without a permanent director since June 2017, here are a few of the obstacles facing the employees that administer the survey—the results of which will determine decisions from federal to state to local levels for the next ten years—as they attempt to accurately count the young child population in the country:
移民社区和不会说英语的居民
然而，就算在统计最准确的地方，比如仅有3%的5岁以下儿童住在困难普查区的爱荷华州，按2010年的反馈率计算，2020年的人口普查仍有可能漏掉7000名幼儿。
What can be done before 2020?
2020年之前能做些什么？
肯尼斯·普鲁伊特曾在1998-2001年担任人口调查局负责人，他认为应在隐私和准确性之间求得平衡。普鲁伊特告诉网络媒体FiveThirtyEight，人们认为涉及隐私的信息越多，普查结果就越不准确。
The government’s failure to accurately represent and provide for the very most vulnerable populations in this country is a failure for all families, for the wellbeing of American children and subsequently for the future health of the nation’s next generation, explains Speer.
State and local governments can allocate funds to support the census, Speer says. She points to the efforts in California, where experts predict 750,000 children will be missed by the census in 2020. State officials are suing the federal government over the inclusion of the citizenship question and are working with community leaders to share information about the upcoming census in efforts to combat the undercount.
评估人口普查遗漏儿童的风险时，凯西基金会的报告采用的依据是一些人口指标，比如平均受教育水平、贫困率、住房成本、非英语家庭占比等等，从而使收集幼儿及其家庭的数据变的更加困难。
这并非新问题：2010年美国人口普查漏掉了近100万5岁以下的儿童。
In recent weeks, America has been focused on the Trump administration’s controversial—and now ended—policy of separating parents and children at the border. Now, a new report reveals another way in which the needs of children, including some undocumented children, are being ignored by the U.S. government.
斯佩尔指出：“归根到底，问题就在于所有人都有权被纳入人口普查范围内。”她说美国一直在进步，但也承认仍有很大的改善空间。
同时，鉴于人口调查局已经就2020年人口普查进行了一些实地测试，再加上本次普查将首次以数字问卷为主要调查方式，上述措施就更为重要。目前还没有用含有公民身份问题的问卷进行过测试，但专家认为这将使非美国公民群体的反馈率下降。凯文基金会的报告指出，在美国，有600万拥有美国公民身份的儿童生活在至少有一名非法入境者的家庭里，因此询问公民身份不利于准确统计幼儿的数量。
“And this close to the 2020 survey, it’s likely not only the citizenship question that puts the census at risk, Prewitt said. That the census is now mired in a national political conversation about immigration, as well as various court cases pushing to keep the question off the survey polarizes it in a way that could hurt response rates,” Anna Maria Barry-Jester writes for the website.
审校：夏林
Children younger than five years old—particularly those in the most vulnerable situations—face the highest rates of undercount by the census. That matters because the census determines distribution of electoral votes and representation in Congress and dictates the allocation of more than $800 billion in federal spending, according to a study by George Washington’s Institute of Public Policy on the role of the decennial census is distributing federal funds.
凯西基金会的报告指出：“如果不把面临最大障碍的那些孩子计算在内，就等于无视他们以及他们的需求，这会令其前途变得不明朗。”
The foundation’s report assesses risk of children being missed based on population traits like average education levels, poverty rates, housing costs, share of non-English speaking households, and a variety of other factors that make it more difficult to collect data on small children and their families.
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